Archivos suplementarios
Palabras clave
alojamiento para aves
alimentación de los animales
gallinas
huevo
infraestructura
poultry
poultry housing
animal feeding
hens
egg
infrastructure
Resumen
Los cuestionamientos de los consumidores en torno al bienestar animal han impulsado que los productores de huevo incursionen en sistemas alternativos. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir las prácticas de alimentación y el bienestar animal de gallinas ponedoras en sistemas con acceso a pastoreo, así como el manejo forrajero y los costos de producción. Se consultaron 87 artículos científicos en bases de datos que se clasificaron en alimentación, comportamiento, características del área de pastoreo, bienestar animal y costos. Un sistema con acceso a pastoreo cuenta con un área externa al galpón cubierta de vegetación en la que las aves pueden estar durante al menos 6 h diarias durante todo el año, si las condiciones climáticas lo permiten. Estos sistemas tienen la necesidad de controlar y manejar las condiciones ambientales, las áreas de pastoreo, el bienestar animal, la sanidad de las aves y los costos de operación. La alimentación alcanza hasta 41% de los gastos, por lo que los productores desean sustituir parte de este con forrajes; con el agravante de que un exceso de forraje causa malnutrición, lo que afecta el bienestar animal y el rendimiento productivo de las mismas. Es fundamental que los empresarios de sistemas de producción de huevo con acceso a pastoreo conozcan el manejo adecuado de las aves y pasturas, con el fin de gestionar el sistema para garantizar la buena nutrición, la manifestación de comportamientos propios de la especie y la ausencia de estrés, miedo, dolor y enfermedad.
Citas
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