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Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 69(2): 678-687, April-June 2021 (Published Jun. 09, 2021)

Bibliometrics of Cambodian Science: subjects, researchers

and impact in the Science Citation Index Expanded

Julián Monge-Nájera

; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-2966

Siyan Yi

2,4

; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-5386

Yuh-Shan Ho

*; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5090-3732

1. Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, 2050 San José, Costa

Rica; julianmonge@gmail.com

2. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; KHANA Center for

Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; siyan@doctor.com

3. Trend Research Centre, Asia University, No. 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;

ysho@asia.edu.tw (Correspondence*)

4. Center for Global Health Research, Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA.

Received 08-II-2021. Corrected 06-V-2021. Accepted 19-V-2021.

Abstract. Introduction: Cambodia is a small agricultural tropical country for which only two small scientomet-

ric studies, published five years ago, were available until now. Objective: To identify, for Cambodian research,

subjects, outlets, authors, institutions, citations and recommendations. Methods: The data were retrieved from

the Science Citation Index Expanded (January 04, 2021) using the word “Cambodia” for the period 1972 to

2019. Results: We retrieved 3 689 documents: for the half century covered, the yearly presence of Cambodia

in the index has grown strongly, to 325 articles and 6 555 authors in 2019 alone. Most documents are articles

in English about health, particularly infectious and tropical diseases. Most international collaboration is done,

by country, with the USA, France, and Thailand; and by institution, with Mahidol University, the Pasteur

Institute and Oxford University. The most productive institutions are the Cambodian Ministry of Health and

the Cambodian National Center for Parasitology. The main outlets are PLoS One, Malaria and PLoS Neglected

Tropical Diseases. Cambodian articles are cited for up to 33 years, with a peak of 4.5 citations within the first

two years. Those in English, or from well-funded foreign projects, have more citations in this particular index;

especially if they are about malaria, hepatitis or influenza. Conclusions: The nature and impact of Cambodian

science outside the SCI-EXPANDED remain unknown, but publications in that index have increased, concen-

trate on solving local problems, and depend heavily on international collaboration, following a well-known

pattern of science in tropical countries. We suggest a funding system based on international peers who assign

funds to the most productive researchers with minimal bureaucracy, so that local research is done on a greater

variety of topics and with less participation of Cambodian researchers as low-level members in foreign projects.

Key words: scientific productivity of tropical countries; top research areas in the tropics; tropical health and

diseases; scientific output; science and economic development.

Monge-Nájera, J., Yi, S., & Ho, Y.S. (2021). Bibliometrics of

Cambodian Science: subjects, researchers and impact in

the Science Citation Index Expanded. Revista de Biología

Tropical, 69(2), 678-687. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.

v69i2.45750

https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.45750

Additionally to the problems of corruption

and bureaucracy, science and technology in

tropical countries are affected by the mismatch

between extraordinary natural resources and

the scarcity of funds to study, conserve and

use them (Reboredo, Romano, & Armsworth,

2020). Similarities among tropical countries

include the absence, in the Web of Science,

of a large number of articles that are not in

English but that are locally important, and

the numerical dominance of articles produced

by international projects led by well-financed

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institutions in the USA and Europe (Bah,

Fu, & Ho, 2019; Calahorrano, Monge-Nájera,

Wang, & Ho, 2020). The differences include

the number of local scientific journals whose

publications and citations are not recorded by

the SCI-EXPANDED (from 18 in Guatemala

to 130 in El Salvador, Monge-Nájera & Ho,

2017a; Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2018) and citation

lifespans that range from 15 years in Panama

to 70 years in Nicaragua (Monge-Nájera & Ho,

2015; Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2017b).

Here we continue the exploration of Asian

scientific presence in the SCI-EXPANDED

with Cambodia, an Asian tropical country with

a population of 15.6 million in a small territory

of approximately 181 000 km

. The economy is

based on agriculture and the country has a low

per capita yearly income of US $1 643 (World

Bank, 2020). Apparently, there are only two

previous studies about Cambodian science;

one, by Turpin, Zhang, Burgos, and Amaradsa

(2015) considered Cambodia as part of a gene-

ral survey of science in Southeast Asia and

Oceania, and found that Cambodian science

was growing rapidly but had a low level of

development that made it highly depending on

foreign researchers. Another study from the

same year, covering the period 2000 to 2012,

reported that 628 articles had been published,

mainly on health topics, and that most were

descriptive studies with a significant increase

over time; this period was important because,

in 2010, the Cambodian government esta-

blished several policies to strength science

(Goyet et al., 2015).

In this article, our goal is to present a larger

study, covering half a century of Cambodian

scientific output, and centering on subjects,

authors, institutions and outlets, as well as cita-

tion, but limited to the Web of Science, because

there is no equivalent to analyze Cambodian

publications published in the official language

of the country or in journals not covered by the

Web of Science.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data was acquired from the Science

Citation Index Expanded, Clarivate Analytics,

Web of Science Core Collection (updated

January 04, 2021). We carried out an advan-

ced search using the word “Cambodia” in

the field country (CU), limited to the period

1972 to 2019, and retrieved 3 689 publica-

tions. We retrieved document type (article,

letter, book chapter, etc.), subject, language,

institutions and authors. Data were analyzed

with Excel. The journal impact factors (IF

2019

)

were extracted from the 2019 Journal Citation

Reports (JCR).

In this database, the corresponding author

is nominated as the ‘reprint author’. As a result,

we will use the term ‘corresponding author’

in this study. In a single-author article where

authorship is undefined, the author is categori-

zed as both the first and corresponding author.

Similarly, in a single-institution article, the

institution is also listed as the first-author and

the corresponding-author institution. In multi-

ple corresponding-author articles, only the last

corresponding-author, institution, and country

are considered. In single-author articles only

the Cambodia institution or the first Cambodia

institution are considered to be corresponding

institution (corresponding author is most likely

to appear first or last in the byline, Mattsson,

Sundberg & Laget, 2011).

Institutions in Cambodia were checked

and merged, for example Inst Pasteur Cam-

bodge, Inst Pasteur Cambodia, Inst Pasteur,

Pasteur Inst Cambodia, Reseau Int Inst Pasteur,

and Inst Pasteur Int Network were reclassified

as Inst Pasteur Cambodge (Pasteur Institute in

Cambodia). Affiliations in England, Scotland,

Northern Ireland, and Wales were reclassified

as in the United Kingdom (UK). Affiliations in

Hong Kong prior to 1997 were included under

the heading of China. Affiliations in French

Guiana were reclassified as in France. Affi-

liations in Greenland were reclassified as in

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Denmark. Affiliations in Czechoslovakia were

checked and reclassified as in Czech Republic.

Similarly, Czechoslovak Acad Sci (Czechos-

lovak Academy of Sciences) was reclassified

as Czech Acad Sci (Czech Academy of Scien-

ces). Of all document types, only articles were

analyzed in detail, because they represented the

majority of document types, as well as whole

research ideas and results.

We applied three citation indicators to

each article: the number of citations from the

Web of Science Core Collection in the most

recent year, C

2019

or the number of citations in

2019; the total citations (TC) from the Web of

Science Core Collection from publication year

to the end of 2019 were recorded as TC

2019

;

and we also calculated citations per publication

(CPP

2019

= TC

2019

/TP where TP is Total of

Publications). We also measured Article lifes-

pan as the number of years for which articles

continue to be cited after publication.

RESULTS

Historical output, coauthorship and

length: The Web of Science expanded index

included 3 689 publications from Cambodia for

the period 1972-2019, with a clear tendency

to grow. Less than 23 articles were included

before 2003, and a sharp increase took place in

2003, to reach 325 articles in 2019 alone.

It also increased from less than 70 total

authors per year before 2002, to 6 555 authors

having their work indexed in 2019 alone; the

number of coauthors per article also increa-

sed significantly, from 2 or 3 in the 1970s, to

20 coauthors per article in 2019. The length

of articles varied greatly but has had a mean

of ten pages per document in recent years

(Digital appendix 1). The mean number of

authors per publication was 14 in articles, 9

in meeting abstracts and 12 authors in reviews

(Digital appendix 2).

Article types: There were 13 document

types, most of them articles (77 %), followed

by meeting abstracts, reviews and letters (Digi-

tal appendix 2). Note: The Web of Science can

classify a document in more than one type, for

example, 59 proceedings articles were also

classified as articles, and seven reviews were

also classified as book chapters, and thus the

sum of percentages can be higher than 100 %.

Language: Language of publication is one

of the basic factors in bibliometric studies of

big data. Cambodian research that reached the

index was published in four languages, but 99

% were in English (2 830 articles), followed

distantly by French (0.67 %), German (0.18

%), and Spanish (0.035 %); articles in English

had far more coauthors than those in other lan-

guages (Digital appendix 3).

Subjects: On the one hand, most Cam-

bodian articles deal with infectious diseases;

tropical medicine; and health, while agronomy

and zoology occupy the last places by frequen-

cy; on the other hand, publications tend to

concentrate on relatively few journals (Fig. 1,

further details in Digital appendix 4), the top

exceptions being pharmacology, environmental

sciences and health which appear in a larger

number of journals (Fig. 1, Digital appendix 5).

All the top subject categories are increa-

sing in output over the years, particularly the

study of infectious diseases (Fig. 2).

International collaboration: The majo-

rity of collaboration was done with the USA

(29 %), France (22 %), and Thailand (21 %)

(Digital appendix 6).

Most international collaboration articles

with published with Mahidol University in

Thailand (25 %); the Pasteur Institute in Fran-

ce (17 %), and the University of Oxford in the

United Kingdom (17 %) (Digital appendix 7).

International collaboration is increasing rapidly,

led by collaboration with the USA (Fig. 3).

Institutions: The most productive ins-

titutions are the Pasteur Institute (20 %); the

Cambodian Ministry of Health (10 %); and the

Cambodian National Center for Parasitology,

Entomology and Malaria Control (8 %) (Digi-

tal appendix 8).

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Article lifespan and citation trends:

Cambodian articles can cite for three decades

after their publication, and citation increased

more rapidly in the first two years after publi-

cation, with a mean of one citation within the

publication year, and a peak 4.5 in the two full

years (Fig. 4).

Articles published in 2009 had the highest

accumulated citations, CPP

2019

, with 50 cita-

tions. The maximal cumulative citations per

publication (CPP

2019

) was in reviews, with 54

citations per review, which was 2.6 times the

citation rate for articles (Digital appendix 2).

Articles not in English had fewer citations,

with CPP

2019

of 2.9, versus a CPP

2019

of 21

for English (Digital appendix 3). Overall, the

citation trend for Cambodian articles is posi-

tive and shows an increase over time (Digital

appendix 9), with the normal delay in citations

for recent articles which have not had the time

to accumulate more citations (Fig. 5). There

is no visible effect of the 2010 government

policies designed to boost scientific output (see

Introduction, and Fig. 5).

Effect of country, institution and jour-

nal on citation: Articles with researchers from

Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Vietnam

had the most citations (Digital appendix 6),

particularly when done in collaboration with

the World Health Organization, Mahidol Uni-

versity, and the University of Oxford (Digital

appendix 7). Locally, the institutions with

most citations were the National Center for

Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control;

the Pasteur Institute, and the WHO Cambodia

Fig. 1. Distribution of Cambodian scientific production in the top 20 productive Web of Science categories in the Science

Citation Index Expanded. Left vertical articles: percent articles on each category; right vertical axis: number of journals

where articles on that category were published.

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Fig. 2. Development of the top categories over time.

Fig. 3. Collaboration trends of the top four countries.

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Fig. 4. Citation life span for Cambodia articles.

Fig. 5. Number of articles and citations per publication by year. The Cambodia National Science and

Technology Master Plan was implemented in 2014 but there is no change in the growth curve as a result.

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Representative Office (Digital appendix 8).

When the research team leaders are not from

Cambodia, the number of citations of the arti-

cles is higher (Fig. 6). For the top journals,

citations increased over time (Digital appendix

10). The same applies to the most cited articles

(Digital appendix 11).

DISCUSSION

The increasing number of Cambodian

publications in the Science Citation Index

Expanded is not different from the pattern found

for every other tropical country previously

studied (Crespo-Gascón, Tortosa, & Guerrero-

Casado, 2019), and it possibly reflects both a

real increase in scientific output (Turpin et al.,

2015) and the particularly poor or even absent

coverage of literature by SCI-EXPANDED

database for some regions and years, a problem

that was detected over a decade ago (Falagas,

Pitsouni, Malietzis, & Pappas, 2008; Larsen,

& Ins, 2010) and continues to be unsolved by

the Web of Science (Mongeon & Paul-Hus,

2016). In the last two decades, the number of

articles from that reach the Web of Science has

steadily grown for all tropical studied (Trang,

Monge-Nájera, & Ho, 2020), and we found

the same trend in Cambodia, but expected an

additional increase as a result of the Cambo-

dian National Science and Technology Master

Plan 2014-2020. However, our results do not

show any change in the general trend; this can

mean that the plan takes longer than five years

to have any visible effect; that it affected only

publications in the Khmer language, which are

important but not counted by the Web of Scien-

ce; or that the plan had no effect on the number

of publications reaching the Web of Science.

The scientific output and citations of

Cambodian science in the official language,

Khmer, is locally important but missing in the

Fig. 6. Characteristics of publication type and their citations per publication. TP: total articles, NFR: both first and

corresponding-authors are not from Cambodia, NR: corresponding-author is not from Cambodia, NF: first-author is not

from Cambodia, IC: internationally collaborative articles, NC: nationally collaborative articles, II: institutional independent

articles, CI: Cambodia independent articles, FP: first-author is from Cambodia, RP: corresponding-author is from

Cambodia, FR: both first and corresponding-authors are from Cambodia.

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SCI-EXPANDED (Biddulph, 2010; Goyet et

al., 2015; Turpin et al., 2015); this explains

why publications in the database are almost

all in English. The predominance of articles is

also normal and has been found in many other

tropical countries (Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2012;

Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2018; Bah et al., 2019;

Trang et al., 2020) and reflects the fact that

articles are the unit of scientific literature (Ho,

Satoh, & Lin, 2010).

The predominance of research on health,

particularly infectious and tropical diseases

under state health and parasitology bureaus and

done with cooperation with the Pasteur Institu-

te, is typical of the less industrialized countries

all over the tropics, and results from a strong

local need to improve their low health indices,

still affected by tropical parasites and other

diseases that are not important in the indus-

trialized world (Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2017c;

Tchuifon, Fu, & Ho, 2017; Monge-Nájera &

Ho, 2018; Trang et al., 2020).

The presence of the USA, France, and

Thailand as the countries which collaborate the

most with Cambodian science, also follows a

known tropical pattern called by Monge-Nájera

and Ho (2017c) as the Affinity Model; that is,

that tropical countries tend to participate in

joint research with countries that are geogra-

phically and culturally close, including those

that were their colonial powers in the past.

This pattern has also been identified outside the

tropics regarding the distance that knowledge

flows between territories (Abramo, D’Angelo,

& Di Costa, 2020). The USA, as world leader

in science and technology, is also among the

top three collaborative countries all over the

tropics (Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2015; Tchuifon

et al., 2017; Trang et al., 2020).

The 30 year citation lifespan for Cambo-

dian articles places it closer to tropical coun-

tries that have a fluid scientific development,

like Panama, with its 20 year lifespan (Monge-

Nájera & Ho, 2015), than to less developed

countries like Nicaragua, where a slow scien-

tific advance is marked by a 70 year period in

which the same articles continue to be cited

(Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2017a).

Like everywhere in the tropics, the highest

citation of Cambodian articles on health and

led by foreign researchers is also explained by

the fact that international health megaprojects

are more likely to be done in areas of general

interest where much research is done, publis-

hed and cited (Tahamtan, Afshar, & Ahamd-

zadeh, 2016); it is a matter of numbers rather

than of quality and shows a large imbalance in

detriment of small countries (Bah et al., 2019;

Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Sugimoto, & Larivière,

2019). Along this line, the finding that projects

led by Cambodians receive less citations in

the Web of Science is not surprising, because

Cambodian-led research is based on smaller

projects and can be published in languages

other than English and in journals not covered

by the Web of Science (Goyet et al., 2015; Tur-

pin et al., 2015).

In conclusion, the nature and impact of

Cambodian science outside the SCI-EXPAN-

DED remain unknown, but publications recor-

ded by the SCI-EXPANDED have increased

in recent years, concentrate on solving local

problems, and depend heavily on international

collaboration, following a well-known pattern

of science in tropical countries. According to

Allik, Lauk and Realo (2020), the best way to

produce good science is to establish a strong

and lasting democracy in a small and well

governed country. Our recommendation would

be that the Cambodian government establis-

hes a funding system based on international

peers who assign funds to the most productive

researchers with minimal bureaucracy, so that

local research is done on a greater variety of

topics and with less participation of Cam-

bodian researchers as low-level members in

foreign projects.

Ethical statement: authors declare that

they all agree with this publication and made

significant contributions; that there is no con-

flict of interest of any kind; and that we followed

all pertinent ethical and legal procedures and

requirements. All financial sources are fully

and clearly stated in the acknowledgements

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section. A signed document has been filed in

the journal archives.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank three anonymous reviewers for

very useful suggestions to improve an earlier

draft and Carolina Seas for her assistance with

manuscript preparation.

RESUMEN

Bibliometría de la ciencia camboyana:

temas, investigadores e impacto en el

Science Citation Index Expanded

Introducción: Camboya es un país tropical asiático

pequeño y “subdesarrollado”, con una economía basada

en la agricultura, para el que hasta ahora solo estaban

disponibles dos pequeños estudios cienciométricos, publi-

cados hace cinco años. Objetivo: Identificar, para la

investigación camboyana, qué se estudia; quién hizo la

investigación; dónde y cuándo se publicó; y los factores

que afectan su citación. Métodos: Usamos el Science

Citation Index Expanded (4 de enero de 2021) utilizando

la palabra “Camboya” y se limitaron al período 1972 a

2019. Resultados: Hallamos 3 689 documentos; durante

el medio siglo cubierto, la presencia anual de Camboya

en el índice ha aumentado considerablemente, con 325

artículos y 6 555 autores incorporados tan solo en 2019.

La mayoría son artículos en inglés sobre salud, particu-

larmente enfermedades infecciosas y tropicales. La mayor

parte de la colaboración internacional se realiza, por país,

con EE. UU., Francia y Tailandia; y por institución, con

la Universidad Mahidol, el Instituto Pasteur y la Univer-

sidad de Oxford. Las instituciones más productivas son

el Ministerio de Salud de Camboya y el Centro Nacional

de Parasitología de Camboya. Las principales revistas son

PLoS One, Malaria y PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Los artículos camboyanos se citan hasta por 33 años, con

un máximo de 4.5 citas en los dos primeros años. Los que

son en inglés, o de proyectos dirigidos por el extranjero,

tienen más citas en esta base de datos; particularmente

si se trata de malaria, hepatitis o influenza. Conclusio-

nes: La naturaleza y el impacto de la ciencia camboyana

fuera del SCI-EXPANDED siguen sin conocerse, pero las

publicaciones en ese índice han aumentado, se concentran

en resolver problemas locales y dependen en gran medida

de la colaboración internacional, siguiendo un patrón bien

conocido en los países tropicales. Sugerimos un sistema

de financiación basado en pares internacionales que asig-

nen, con burocracia mínima, fondos a los investigadores

más productivos, de modo que la investigación local se

realice en una mayor variedad de temas y con una menor

participación de investigadores camboyanos como miem-

bros de bajo nivel en proyectos extranjeros.

Palabras clave: productividad científica de los países tro-

picales; principales áreas de investigación en los trópicos;

salud y enfermedades tropicales; producción científica;

ciencia y desarrollo económico.

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